A new year and a new decade should be a time for optimism, but it's hard to shake the sense of frustration around action, or lack thereof, on climate change.

Last month's 25th Conference of Parties (COP 25), the United Nations' annual climate change conference, reaffirmed the importance of reducing global carbon emissions but failed to set out an ambitious new agenda for doing so.

In 2015, COP 21 produced the Paris Agreement, which recognized the urgent need to drastically cut emissions by 2030 to keep global temperature rise below 1.5 degrees.

Each COP since then has renewed the commitment to that goal. But so far, we're failing to achieve it and failing badly.

A recent UN report revealed the still-growing gap between carbon reduction targets and actual carbon emissions.

Each year that emissions continue to rise makes it harder to meet our 2030 targets. Harder to protect our natural environment. Harder to ease the economic pain of climate change.

Injecting new urgency into the actions of governments and businesses should be the priority, especially in emerging markets.

In these countries, decisions are being made now that will shape entire economic structures for decades to come.

If those decisions are not made on a sustainable, low-carbon basis, we'll be locking in high emissions for the foreseeable future.

Sometimes, climate change can feel like an impossibly huge problem to tackle. But, the solution can perhaps be summed up in one word – investment.

National governments and other state entities have their part to play, but only the private sector can marshal the sum of money required.

That means boosting the green finance market.

Investor appetite for green products is growing – in an HSBC survey conducted earlier this year, 63 percent of our investor clients said they will enter or expand their presence in green finance over the next two years.

However, the market is still sub-scale, held back by a lack of investible projects.

Looking at green bonds alone, issuance in the first three quarters of 2019 was almost $190 billion, a big leap from the roughly $115bn in the same period last year.

But this is only a small dent in the trillions of dollars of green investment required by 2030.

Worse still, only 26 percent of issuance in 2019 was attached to emerging market projects, far below what is required to guarantee long-term sustainable economic growth in those countries.

Targeted changes can make a difference, though. The first is encouraging better disclosure of climate risks.

When investors have a clear idea of which businesses and sectors are most exposed to the impact of rising temperatures, they can make better decisions with their money.

The wide adoption of standardized disclosure principles, such as those published by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures, will increase the number of viable projects for investors, and help with the second change – driving more green finance activity in the real economy.

So far, green finance issuance has been dominated by national governments and financial entities. That can't continue.

Green finance participation is particularly important in high-carbon sectors, such as energy generation and heavy manufacturing. Here, transitioning to lower emissions is fraught with risk, but will provide huge opportunities for those firms that are successful.

The right kind of financing at the right time will be crucial. 

There are some signs that these sectors are starting to get to grips with the transition – recently we've seen the formation of industry organizations, such as Responsible Steel, that push for lower emissions in specific sectors of the economy.

The longer businesses take to adjust to a low-carbon mindset, the more likely they are to suffer blowback from climate-aware consumers and investors.

The third change is making sustainable infrastructure an asset class in its own right.

A number of studies show that there is currently a global infrastructure investment deficit of between $40 trillion and $70 trillion.

We simply don't spend enough money on big-ticket items like roads, railways, and power generation.

Bridging this gap sustainably is vital. A separate asset class would allow products to become more standardized, more transparent and properly impact-linked.

The need for infrastructure and other green investments in cities is particularly acute.

Cities generate over 70 percent of global carbon emissions, but most cities do not have direct capital markets access and cannot easily invest money to reduce this figure.

That's why the fourth change on the wish list is greater product innovation. This will provide more investment avenues to help turn promising, small-scale climate policies or products into mass-effect solutions.

Many cities, for example, have pioneered projects that reduce the carbon emissions of waste disposal or increase funding for greener buildings.

A scheme that works in Shanghai should, with perhaps a few tweaks, work in Stockholm or Sao Paulo.

Also encouraging is the developing "blue bonds" market, where investor returns are linked to the preservation of specific ecosystems.

2020 is a pivotal year for climate change. COP 26, held in Glasgow next November, will be crucial for the immediate and long-term future of our planet. We can only hope that it can point to more concrete achievements than those of the last few years.

Daniel Klier is the sustainable finance group head at HSBC Group.